Session D3 - General Poster Session.
POSTER session, Saturday afternoon, April 18
Concourse C, Level II, Columbus Conv. Center

[D3.01] The Radial Distribution of Ultra High Energy Underground Muons

Underground muons are relevant to the primary composition and interaction properties of ultra high energy cosmic rays. Their study, however, has traditionally been dominated by multiplicity analysis, which suffers from significant intrinsic systematics due to uncertainties in the muon energy loss mechanisms and incomplete knowledge of the rock overburden. The radial distribution of these muons, however, is much less sensitive to these systematic issues. It nevertheless also provides critical information about the primary and its high energy interactions. A method of analysis is discussed.

[D3.02] Primordial Abundances of ^6Li, ^9Be, and ^11B with Neutrino Degeneracy and Gravitational Constant Variation

Recent measurements of deuterium abundances from QSO absorption spectra show two conflicting numbers, which differ by an order of magnitude. Allowing the neutrino degeneracy together with gravitational constant variation at the epoch of primordial nucleosynthesis, the implication of these observations on the ^6Li, ^9Be and ^11B abundances will be discussed. Within the permitted ranges consistent with D, ^4He and ^7Li, we observe the strong \eta dependence of ^11B as in SBBN but no significant dependence of ^6Li and ^9Be on the baryon number density is observed. The predictions of ^6Li and ^9Be for low and high deuterium differ by an order of magnitude and predictions for ^11B differ by several orders of magnitude at most and vary with \eta.

[D3.03] Theoretical Model for Plasma Rotation Paradox

Significant plasma rotation has been observed in toroidal plasmas subject to ICRF heating in the absence of direct angular momentum inputs( J.E.~Rice, M.J.~Greenwald, I.H.~Hutchinson, et al., MIT report PSFC/JA-97-4, submitted to Nuclear Fusion.). The plasma rotates in the direction of the plasma current with typical toroidal velocities of 10^4 m/s at the magnetic axis in Alcator C-Mod experiments. A process to induce this rotation is proposed that is related to the excitation of a special class of magnetosonic modes which are radially confined only if they have a poloidal phase velocity in the ion cyclotron direction, resulting in a correlated toroidal phase velocity. These ``contained modes''( B.~Coppi, G.~Penn, C.~Riconda, Annals of Physics 261) (1997) 117. will deposit their angular momentum to the plasma as they damp out. In contrast, modes having the opposite phase velocity can be expected to convert into external modes which will then be absorbed by the enclosing wall. The resulting torque on the plasma is in the same direction as the toroidal current. We find that this mechanism is consistent with the observed magnitude and direction of the plasma rotation. A relevant issue is the transport of angular momentum from the mode layer to the magnetic axis, for which secondary instabilities may have to be considered.

[D3.04] Studies of Long-Period Variability in the HMXB Systems LMC X-4 and SMC X-1

We present results from our Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) long-term monitoring campaign of the X-ray pulsars LMC X-4 and SMC X-1. We have analyzed spectra spanning a little more than seven \sim 30-day cycles in LMC X-4 and nearly three \sim 50-day cycles in SMC X-1. While the results obtained for SMC X-1 are consistent with a simple model in which the modulation is due to absorption in a tilted accretion disk, the LMC X-4 spectra are not. If the long-term modulation were due solely to variable absorption, the column density should be highest when the flux is lowest. The hydrogen column density obtained for LMC X-4 during the low portion of its long-period cycle, however, is consistent with zero, with a 1 sigma upper limit of 1.5 x 10^21 cm^-2. By the time of the meeting, we will have observations of five additional long-period cycles for LMC X-4 and a more mature analysis of the results.

[D3.05] Evaluation of Proposed Gamma-Ray Burst Spectral Evolution Trends

Quantitative spectral evolution studies of gamma-ray bursts have only recently been attempted. Two seemingly different trends have been reported. Examination of individual pulses within bursts shows an exponential decay of the spectral break energy \emphas a function of photon fluence. Superposition of bursts, however, shows a ``burst envelope'' which exhibits a linear decay of the break energy as a function of time. We evaluate the validity of each of these observed trends and discuss what physical interpretations can be drawn from them.

[D3.06] Astrophysics with HESSI

July 2000 will see the launch of HESSI, the High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager, a Small Explorer designed for solar x-ray and gamma-ray observations. HESSI has also been optimized, when possible without compromising the solar mission, for astrophysical objectives. It has 9 large high-resolution germanium detectors exposed to half the sky at a time and rotating to occult each other at 15 rpm, resulting in an astrophysics instrument with characteristics of ESA's upcoming INTEGRAL mission, CGRO/BATSE, and Wind/TGRS. The astrophysics studies will include the lineshape and distribution of the Galactic positron annihilation and ^26Al lines, high-resolution spectroscopy of gamma-ray bursts (with an order of magnitude more detector volume than TGRS), and monitoring of the period and luminosity of accreting x-ray pulsars at all periods (BATSE continuous data only cover periods down to 2 s). In the narrow field of view that includes the Sun, HESSI images from 3-100 keV with 2'' resolution using rotating modulation collimators. The Crab Nebula will pass through this field of view once per year, resulting in images almost an order of magnitude finer than that obtained by Pelling et al. (1987, ApJ 319, 416) and covering a wider range of energies.

[D3.07] Blackbody Radiation of Remote Extragalaxial Regions of Vacuum Space.

In the Electron Positron Lattice (EPoLa) model of space,(M.Simhony, The Epola Space, 1990, 160 pp (available from the author). Also, M.Simhony, Invitation to the Natural Physics of Matter, Space, and Radiation, World Scientific, 1994 (292 pp).) the 3K blackbody radiation is due to random vibrations of electrons and positrons, bound in our epola region. They cause the zero-point motion of helium atoms (analog to Brownian movement). The temperature (T) of our epola region is therefore 3K. Slightly warmer regions are observed as mysterious "dark matter", considered to "constitute most of the mass of the universe". Regions of T>\sim100K create the mystery of "grey matter". T is elevated in epola regions where there are more "hot" stars, more nuclear activity, more injected free nuclear particles and radiation. Epola regions hotter than 800K emit visible radiation; at 3000K they glow like lamp filaments, and at 6000K - like the sun. Such very distant epola regions can be mistaken for stars and galaxies. At sufficiently high T, the epola "melts" into a liquid of electron positron (epo) pairs, in which the velocity of light is drastically reduced. At 6 billion K, it turns into a gaseous mixture of epo pairs and free electrons and positrons. In this "epogas", quantum radiation laws do not hold, there are no photons, just as there are no phonons in gases.

[D3.08] Microkelvin Variations in the Blackbody Radiation of Our Vacuum Space Region to Distinguish Radiation of Stars and Galaxies from that of Remote Regions of Vacuum Space.

The probability P of observing a "hot spot" in space is roughly proportional to its volume V. V is proportional to the instrument's "field of view" area A, multiplied by the supposed depth \Delta f of the bulk. Clearly, the uncertain value of \Delta f increases with distance d to the bulk under observation, and A is roughly proportional to d^2, so that P increases very fast with growing distance d. The number of "hot spots", seen in the field of view, increases therefore very fast with increasing "penetration depth" of the instrument, e.g., of the Hubble telescope. The hot spots are presented to the public (and to NASA) as galaxies and stars, but they may just as well represent hot regions of the electron positron lattice (epola) space.(M.Simhony, The Epola Space, 1990, 160 pp, and The Story of Matter and Space, 1998, 70 pp (available from the author). Also, M.Simhony, Invitation to the Natural Physics of Matter, Space, and Radiation, World Scientific, 1994 (292 pp).) The microK variations in the 3K blackbody radiation are considered as possible means to distinguish radiation of remote extragalaxial hot epola regions from that of real galaxies and stars.

[D3.09] High Altitude Balloon Flight of CZT Detectors for High Energy = X-Ray Astronomy

CZT is a room-temperature semiconductor well suited for high energy X-ray astronomy. Knowledge of its background properties is essential for optimizing scientific instruments based on it. To study its background, we flew two CZT detectors on a high altitude balloon from Fort Sumner, NM in October 1997. The two detectors were a 12 mm x 12 mm x 2 mm detector with orthogonal crossed strip readout using 500 micron pitch electrodes plus "steering electrodes" to improve the anode charge collection and a standard 12 mm x 12 mm x 2 mm planar detector. These are the first results of a cross strip detector at balloon altitudes. The energy range for this flight was 20 keV to about 300 keV. We will present preliminary energy resolution and background flux with several passive shielding schemes. A second balloon flight is planned for March 1998, which will include an active shield.

[D3.10] Ultra-Heavy Galactic Cosmic Ray Elemental Abundances and the ACCESS Mission

The Advanced Cosmic Ray Composition Experiment for Space Station (ACCESS) has been approved by NASA for a mission concept study. There are three modules which constitute the ACCESS experiment in its present concept. In this paper we will discuss the UH-module which has been selected for an instrument definition study. The primary objective of the UH module is the measurement of all elemental abundances over the charge range from iron through uranium. We will discuss the science objectives and the instrument technique which we are currently developing.

[D3.11] The ScIntillating Fiber Telescope for Energetic Radiation (SIFTER)

A new type of gamma-ray telescope operating in the energy range of 10MeV \leq E \leq 300 GeV which utilizes scintillating fibers will be described. This instrument will be a wide field-of-view telescope with about 10 times the sensitivity of EGRET and superior detector characteristics. The detector is composed of modules consisting of thin lead sheets and plastic scintillating fibers configures such that both tracking and calorimetry can be done in the same volume. We will describe an engineering model which is being developed to test the experiment concept at an accelerator. Monte Carlo simulations of a telescope configuration suitable for the GLAST mission will be presented.

[D3.12] Radical Column Density Measurements During the Flame Growth of Diamond

Highly sensitive absorption spectroscopy is applied to the measurement of column densities of various radicals during the flame deposition of diamond. Column densities of C_2, CH, CN, and OH are measured under diamond growth conditions in an atmospheric pressure oxyacetylene torch. The relative densities of singlet and triplet C_2 are examined, and upper limits of the CH_3 and C_3 column densities are presented. Finally, the measured column densities are correlated to growth quality and are compared with other theoretical and experimental values. This work demonstrates the applicability of using multielement detector arrays to obtain absorption spectra under conditions where there exists significant atomic or molecular emission from the flame or plasma sample.

[D3.13] Millimeter-Wave Time Resolved Studies of the Formation and Decay of CO^+

Since the rate constants for ion-molecule interactions are typically much larger than neutral-neutral interactions, understanding ion-molecule interactions is essential to interpreting radio astronomical spectra from interstellar clouds and modeling the processes which lead to the formation of stars in these regions. We have developed a cell which allows us to study ion-molecule interactions in gases at low temperatures and pressures by using an electron gun technique to create ions. By centering our millimeter-wave source on a rotational resonance and gating the electron beam on and off, we are able to study the time-dependent rotational state distribution of the ion during its formation and decay, and so learn about excitation and relaxation processes as functions of temperature, pressure, electron beam energy, and electron beam current.

[D3.14] Relative Band Oscillator Strengths in the Fourth Positive System of CO

An optical absorption experiment using synchrotron radiation as a continuum source was used to measure band oscillator strengths in the A ^1 \Pi - X ^1 \Sigma electronic spectrum of CO. When referenced to the well established (5,0) band oscillator strength, our relative values for the (7,0) to (11,0) bands are most consistent with the recent experiments of Chan et al. and the theoretical predictions of Kirby and Cooper. These results help to resolve a discrepancy among experimental determinations of the CO band strengths, so that analyses of interstellar CO based on absorption from A - X bands are no longer hindered by uncertainties in oscillator strength. A similar technique is being applied to higher lying transitions in the CO spectrum.

[D3.15] Stationary Electron Atomic Model

I will present a novel theory concerning the position and nature of the electron inside the atom. This new concept is consistant with present experimental evidence and adheres strictly to the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model presently used in chemistry for predicting the shapes of molecules and ions. In addition, I will discuss the atomic model concept as being a true harmonic oscillator, periodic motion at resonant frequency which produces radiation at discrete frequencies or line spectra is possible because the electron is under the action of two restoring forces, electrostatic attraction and superconducting respulsion of the electron's magnetic field by the nucleus.

[D3.16] On the evaluation of nonadiabatic coupling matrix elements for the wavefunctions of self-consistent quasidegenerate perturbation theory

The recently developed self-consistent quasidegenerate perturbation theory is designed to correctly describe the lowest-lying (primary) electronic states by taking into account their interactions with the low-lying excited states variationally and with the more high-lying excited (external) states perturbatively. In the present work, the technique for evaluating the first derivative nonadiabatic coupling matrix elements is developed. The expressions for the nonadiabatic couplings are shown to deviate from the analogous expressions for the CI/MCSCF wavefunctions by only one additional term. It is shown, however, that this difference is of, at least, third-order in the primary-external perturbation and that such a term should be expected to be very small in most cases.

[D3.17] Comparison study of positive ions of Iron using relativistic random phase approximation(RRPA) and the R-Matrix method

In this study we looked at the photoionization cross-sections along the isonuclear sequence of iron. In an isonuclear sequence the nuclear charge Z is held constant. The ions that we studied are the neon-like iron that is Fe+16(1s22s22p6), Mg-like iron or Fe+14(1s22s22p63s2) and Ar-like iron which is Fe+8(1s22s22p63s23p6). Initially we calculated the ground state energy of the ions using the single configuration Dirac-Fock method and compared it with the experimental values and the CIV-3 method. The agreement is very good. The photoionization cross sections for the 2p and 2s subshells for each member is shown. The outstanding feature is that except for an increase in the ionization potential the cross-sections are almost identical. It was found that (nl(h() remains unaffected , except for a shift in threshold towards higher energy, when outer shell electrons are removed. The 3s photoionization cross sections in Fe+14 and Fe+16 were also studied, Fe+8 no longer has n=3 electrons. Here we see that the removal of 3p electrons effects the cross sections of the 3s electrons. A comparison with R-Matrix is also presented .

[D3.18] Dynamically-maintained steady-state pressure gradients: A test of the second law

In a sealed blackbody cavity with gas, pressure gradients commonly take three forms: (a) statistical fluctuations; (b) transients associated with relaxation to equilibrium; and (c) equilibrium pressure gradients associated with potential gradients (e.g. gravity). It is shown that in the low-density (collisionless) regime, a fourth type of pressure gradient may arise, it due to steady-state differential thermal desorption of surface species from chemically active surfaces. Numerical simulations using realistic physical parameters support the possiblility of this nonequilibrium gas phase. Candidate chemical systems are discussed. These pressure gradients represent a novel test of the second law of thermodynamics. Ongoing laboratory experiments will be discussed.

[D3.19] Electromagnetically induced transparency in a Sodium vapour cell

We report on an investigation of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in sodium vapour. In our experiment, sodium atoms are excited on the D_1-line with laser radiation containing two components with a frequency difference close to that of the two hyperfine ground states of sodium (1.772 GHz). Such an excitation leads to coherent trapping of atomic population in ''dark'' superpositional states, which dramatically reduces the absorption of light. A frequency transparency window is measured to have a subnatural width, which is a clear indication of coherent population trapping. Dependence of EIT on laser frequencies and intensities, on the magnetic field strength as well as on the temperature of the sodium vapour is studied.

[D3.20] Temporal Soliton Switching in a Rectangular Nonlinear Directional Coupler

The emergence of the field of temporal soliton transmission through optical fibers as a mature area of research has stimulated interest in devices for the processing of temporal solitons. The few proposed fiber based nonlinear directional couplers capable of switching temporal solitons have long lengths dictated by the limited amount of negative dispersion in optical fibers at the wavelength of interest 1.55 \mum. In contrast, planar geometry couplers have the advantage of easier fabrication, and can be designed to be shorter and more compact. We analyze a symmetric rectangular nonlinear directional coupler based on single-mode waveguides constructed from silica and doped silica glass. We provide an accurate description of the coupler in terms of a model based on the supermodes of the total structure which accounts for field variations in both transverse dimensions within the channels. The model determines accurate values for both the linear coupling length and the critical switching power, which we compare with the more approximate values obtained by use of the usual coupled mode theory and the assumption of a slab geometry.

[D3.21] Singly and Doubly Excited States of the D-Dimensional Helium Atom

Large-order dimensional perturbation theory has proven to be a useful technique for the study of ground(D.Z.\ Goodson, M.\ López-Cabrera, D.R.\ Herschbach, and J.D.\ Morgan III, J.\ Chem.\ Phys.) 97, 8481 (1992). and excited(D.Z.\ Goodson and D.K.\ Watson, Phys.\ Rev.\ A) 48, 2668 (1993). states of two-electron atoms. We use the 1/D expansion for L = 0 wave functions to elucidate the evolution between the harmonic (large-D) and physical wave functions, including the transition of the large dimension molecular structure to that of a singly excited state at D=3. Our work shows that the singly-excited ^1S^e states are built on symmetric stretch motions of collective coordinates that are significantly altered by higher-order quantum corrections. This study is extended to higher angular momentum states by exploiting both approximate and exact interdimensional degeneracies with the S-wave states.

[D3.22] Magnetic Reynolds Stress Tensor Closely Est. Thru Multiplying Reynolds Stress Tensor By \beta [ B_m \cdot ( \hat \theta \hat\theta + \hat\phi\hat\phi)]^2, \beta = \mboxconstant, B_m Being Ensemble Meaned Magnetic Induction.

In a recent paper( K L McDonald, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc)\/., 41 (7), 1579 (1996). we attempted to describe how the last difficult term in the eq. of secular fluid motion (esfm), namely, the magnetic Reynolds stress tensor, can be conveniently made proportional to the Reynolds stress tensor by assuming that the turbulent mag. energy/cm^3, b_\epsilon^2 /8\pi\mu, is proportional to kinetic energy/cm^3, \frac12 \rho v_\epsilon^2. After analyzing toroidal and poloidal component fields of Earth, Sun we were led to our basic assumption\/: (4\pi\mu )^-1/2b_\epsilon i = \beta^1/2 \rho^1/2 v_\epsilon i B_m,hor; B_m,hor = B_m \cdot (\hat\theta \hat\theta+ \hat\phi \hat\phi). Hence, (4\pi\mu)^-1\langleb_\epsilon b_\epsilon\rangle = \beta\langle \rho v_\epsilon v_\epsilon\rangle (B_m,hor)^2. This will be justified in Pt.~II, of this meeting. [However, several typo errors were introduced in electronic-transcription process, which should be corrected: In meaned amplification eq.^1 the left-hand term should read \partial B_m/\partial t and second r.h.~term should be \nabla \times (u \times B_m). Turbulent inequality equation should read \langle v_\epsilon r^2\rangle \gg \langle v_\epsilon \theta^2\rangle, \langle v_\epsilon \phi^2\rangle, and left-hand side of eq. expressing basic assumption should read as above, not (4\pi\mu)^-3/2 b_\epsilon i=\cdot\cdot\cdot.] Our basic assumption (b.a.) enables us to write mag.~R.~stress tensor, (4\pi\mu)^-1 \langle b_\epsilon b_\epsilon\rangle at all fluid points, constant \beta being determined by observation.

[D3.23] Mag. Reynolds Stress Tensor Closely Est.,\cdot\cdot\cdot, Pt. II.

Our b.a. of Pt.I greatly simplifies meaned amplif. eq. by annulling curl term \langlev_\epsilon \times b_\epsilon\rangle,thereby making it tractable for simultaneous solution with esfm.We expect this result since a fluid particle's motion v_\epsilon perp.to B-field lines would engender a parallel b_\epsilon.In tor. field v_\epsilon\theta would have an effect similar to v_\epsilon r by contorting field lines normally to their mean direction, but v_\epsilon\phi would generate negligible b_\epsilon i because its motion is sensibly parallel to B_T.Success of b.a. depends on rot. energy of fluid particle or eddy to distribute mag.field to other tensor comps. b_\epsilon ib_\epsilon j and requires obs. verification.In b.a., B_T is sensibly ensemble meaned field, B_m, being an order of magnitude larger than poloidal field B_P (which lies sensibly in meridan planes within toroid), in both Sun (reaching 396 gauss) and Earth (10-15 gauss).When stretched over sunspot zone this B_P-field is closely hor. at all levels of upper helical toroid except for a small region near leading and trailing edges where it assumes a strong radial comp.,so that b_\epsilon r dominates owing to strong v_\epsilon r.Exception is when toroid occupies up or downwelling regions near 40^o and equatorial lat. where field is closely radial.In Earth, max. tor.intensity is about B_T=150 gauss at mid-lat. and radii one or a few hundred km smaller than R_c=3473km.Noninteraction of v_\epsilon r with B_P in nbhd.of any one of 4 principal dip-poles where B_r has its near max.,results in negligible b_\epsilon r-comp.(opp.tor.case). Hence, our b.a.

[D3.24] Bifurcation Analysis of Black Hole Orbital Dynamics

A phase-plane and bifurcation analysis is presented for the Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordstrom, and Kerr black hole solutions. The orbital dynamics of both charged and uncharged test particles are reviewed, and bifurcations are identified while dimensionless parameters involving the angular momentum, charge, and black hole spin are varied.

[D3.25] High-Q Oscillators for a Search for Gravitational-Strength Forces in the Sub-Centimeter Range

We report on the performance of high-Q mechanical oscillators which are being developed in our laboratory for use in a search for new gravitational-strength forces below one centimeter. The final version of the experiment will be cryogenic but a room-temperature apparatus will be developed first. Our devices are 1 kHz planar torsional oscillators made from either single-crystal silicon or polycrystalline refractory metals. We derive a figure of merit which allows us to compare the sensitivity of different oscillators for this application, and we show the results of typical finite element normal-mode calculations which have been used to refine the oscillator geometry. The highest Q we have obtained so far is 8.5\times 10^5, measured in a silicon oscillator at 0.3 K. However, at room temperature we have observed Q values of 6000, 27800, and 37500 for silicon, annealed molybdenum, and annealed tungsten respectively. Because of both higher Qs and higher densities, the refractory metal oscillators have the highest figures of merit for the preliminary room temperature experiment.

[D3.26] A Unified Theory for Plants and Plant Structure

The wave theory provides for quantization of plant structure. If one measures many spacings between plant structures it becomes apparent that certain spacings repeat from plant to plant. These spacings are associated with certain discrete frequencies associated with plant operation. When a branch grows it extend by one or more of discrete half wavelengths associated with permitted frequencies. If conditions are optimum it grows by the larger permitted half wavelengths. The angle that the branch makes with the vertical also determines the length because vertical wave velocities are in general larger than horizontal wave velocities as mentioned in the previous abstract. It also appears that cell dimensions are determined by permitted wavelengths. In conifer fiber cells it appears that there is an exact ratio between the average reciprocals of vertical lengths and horizontal reciprocal averages with a value of 1.50 in the data taken so far. Similar ratios for external structure spacings include 1.50, 1.25, 1.33, 1.66, 3.0, These ratios appear to represent ratios of vertical to horizontal velocities (Wagner 1996). See the Wagner web page.

[D3.27] Pair of Accelerated Frames: The Perfect Interferometer

The four Rindler quadrants of a pair of oppositely accelerated frames are identified as a nature-given interferometer. It accomodates quantum mechanical and wave mechanical processes in spacetime which in (Euclidean) optics correspond to wave processes in a ``Mach-Zehnder'' interferometer: amplitude splitting, reflection, and interference. The Rindler frequency dependence of the interference process is expressed by means of a (Lorentzian) differential cross section. The Rindler frequencies of the waves in the two acccelerated frames can be measured directly by means of a simple inertially moving detector.

[D3.28] Nuclear Structure Graphical Software

We have developed a nuclear software package for visualization of nuclei. It displays nuclei in several static and dynamic modes, corresponding to various known phenomena/substructures in nuclear theory. These include the "lattice gas model" based on either a close-packed lattice (fcc) or simple cubic packing lattice with variable occupancy; the cluster models; and a quark-based model emphasizing quark interactions. Dynamical parameters include occupancy, 1-, 2- or 3-axis nuclear breathing, fission along lattice planes, and multifragmentation modes. Calculations of nuclear properties include binding energies, RMS charge and mass radii, magnetic and quadrupole moments, and total spin for all known nucleides. Calculations are done for any configuration of nucleons, which can be adjusted interactively to obtain a best-fit with experimental data. The central theoretical argument illustrated by the software is the well-known, if paradoxical, fact that the atomic nucleus can be simultaneously regarded as a Fermi gas (with eigenstates dependent on the sum of nucleon states), a liquid-drop with various collective characteristics, a conglomerate of alpha particles, or as a system comprised of constituent quarks.

nuclear software package

[D3.29] Boron-Loaded Scintillating Fibers as Nondestructive Assay Tools

A boron-loaded scintillating fiber system is being designed and tested for applications in nuclear safeguards and nonproliferation. The current neutron coincidence counting technology utilizes polyethylene-moderated ^3He gas proportional detectors. Although these systems provide >50% neutron detection efficiency and reliable, stable long term performance in varied environments, they suffer from long die-away times. Samples with high uncorrelated neutron yields from (\alpha,n) reactions pose difficulties with such systems because of the high accidental coincidence rates. The boron-loaded scintillating fiber detection system mixes the neutron moderator (polyethylene and polystyrene) with the detection process (^10B-capture) at the molecular level. The fibers can be configured into systems which have high efficiency for neutron detection and a conciderably shorter die-away time which will help suppress the accidental coincidence rate. A presentation of the design and simulation considerations will be given along with preliminary data.

[D3.30] Weak Production of \Lambda Particles by Electron Scattering on Protons

We obtain differential cross sections for the inverse beta decay, e^- + p \longrightarrow \Lambda + \nu_e, for electron energies from .5 GeV to 6.0 GeV. We make use of \Lambda beta decay data to constrain the form factors as well as various models to provide additional information concerning the form factors. We discus the experimental possibilities for observing this reaction and what might be learned from it.

[D3.31] Failure of the \chi^2 in Atmospheric Neutrino Analysis

The zenith angle distribution of high energy atmospheric neutrinos may be relevant to the question of neutrino mass and neutrino oscillations. The relevant data have traditionally been treated with the \chi^2 statistic, which may not accurately represent the true probability that a given observation is consistent with a given set of neutrino oscillation parameters. This is due both to intrinsic innaccuracies in the gaussian approximation, which are shown to extend to multiplicities of greater than fifty, and to the fact that the \chi^2 approach does not account for bin-to-bin correlations in the data. An alternative Monte Carlo-based likelihood approach is discussed.

[D3.32] Null Contribution to the First Order Sagnac Effect by Motional Increments to the Deviations of Rays at Reflections

Neo-Ritzian Theory: A Third Supplementary Index of Work by the Author, R.B. Driscoll. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.: 30, p.755 (1985); 34, p.1146 (1989); 37, pp.966-67 (1992); 38 p.N/A (April, 1993); 39, pp.1255-56 (1994); 40, pp.559, 994 (1995); 42, pp.927, 1129 (1997). Galilean Electrodynamics: 7, p.59 (1996); 8, pp.16, 30, 56 (1997). Hadronic Journal: 17, p.551 (1994); 18, p.195 (1995); 20, p.301 (1997). Hadronic Journal Supplement: 10, p.315 (1995). Physics Essays: 7, p.355 (1994); 10, pp.198, 394 (1997). Being reviewed by Galilean Electrodynamics: "J.P. Wesley and the Sagnac Effect." Being reviewed by Physics Essays: "Sagnac Effect: Isotropic Light Speed in the Co-rotating Frame." In the Program of this Joint APT/AAPT Meeting: "Isotropic Light Speed in Sagnac's Rotating Frame (Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 43, p.N/A (April, 1998). "Null Contribution to the First Order Sagnac Effect by Motional Increments to the Deviations of Rays at Reflections" in preparation.(Permanent Address: P.O. Box 637, Oakland, CA 94604 U.S.A.)

[D3.33] Isotropic Light Speed in Sagnac's Rotating Frame

In any Sagnac experiment the Doppler effects of reflections by mirrors moving in inertial frame IF cause fringe shift \Delta = 4ømega A/c\lambda (the symbols have their contextual meanings).(References: 1. R.B. Driscoll, Hadronic Journal 14, p.501 (1991). 2. Idem, Physics Essays 7, p.355 (1994).) The difference \delta s between closed optical path lengths of the direct and the retrograde rays at a point of the beamsplitter (B) reflecting plane, measured in IF, independently causes fringe shift \Delta. Isotropic light speed in IF therefore predicts fringe shift 2\Delta, twice that observed. In the rotating frame (RF) of the Sagnac apparatus, \delta s = 0, causing null fringe shift. During reflection a photon has exerted on it force F in IF and F + F(Coriolis) + F(centrifugal) in RF. Only F does work resulting in a difference \delta \lambda between the wavelengths of the incident and reflected rays at a given point of reflection. So the Doppler effect in RF is the same as in IF, and light speed is isotropic in RF, not in IF. Neo-Ritzian theory leads to this isotropy.

[D3.34] The Bound to Bound State Contribution to the Electric Polarizability of a Relativbistic Particle

We calculate, in our study, the contribution of the transition between bound energy states to the electric polarizability of a relativistic particle. The particle is moving under the influence of a one-dimensional delta potential. Our work is done in the case of the scalar potential. The solution of Dirac's equation and the calculation of the particles total electric polarizability has been done in references (1-3). The transitions contributing to the electric polarizability are: Continuum to continuum, bound to bound, negative energy bound states to continuum, and positive energy bound states to continuum. Our task is to study the bound to bound state contribution to the electric polarizability. We will also investigate the effect of the strength of the potential on the contribution.

1. T.H. Solomon and S. Fallieros, "Relativistic One Dimensional Binding and Two Dimensional Motion." J. Franklin Inst. 320, 323-344 (1985) 2. M.A. Maize and C.A. Burkholder, "Electric Polarizability and the Solution of an Inhomogenous Differential Equation." Am.J.Phys. 63, 244-247 (1995) 3. M.A. Maize, S. Paulson, and A. D'Avanti, "Electric Polarizability of a Relativistic Particle." Am.J.Phys. 65, 888-892 (1997)

[D3.35] Interatomic collisions and wavefunction collapses

The theory of quantum measurement is still one of the most problematic subjects among the foundations of quantum mechanics since it challenges the self-consistency of the quantum theory. One particular question is whether quantum decoherence is of pure statistical nature, implying a large number of measurement acts, or if wavefunction collapses do occur. We propose a modified kinetic equation for probe particles colliding with buffer gas molecules where collapses of a particle's wavefunction are assumed: \beginequation \left( \frac \partial \partial t+\frac\mboxpM\nabla \right) \rho (\mboxr,\mboxp,t)=-\Gamma \rho (\mboxr,\mboxp,t)+\Gamma \int \mboxdr^\prime \int \mboxdp^\prime \,K(\mboxp\leftarrow \mboxp^\prime )\chi (\left| \mboxr-\mboxr^\prime \right| /a)\rho (\mboxr^\prime ,\mboxp^\prime ,t). \endequation Here, \rho is the probe particle's density matrix, \Gamma is the rate of velocity changing collisions and M is the particle's mass. The kernel K, describing the momentum change, admits a stationary solution of our equation in the form of a Maxwellian distribution with the temperature of the buffer gas. The difference between our model and the traditional approach is the presence of the second integral operator with the kernel \chi (having a spatial spread a) which accounts for nonlocality. We propose an experiment for a test of the new model.

[D3.36] Emergence, Self-Organization and Prime Numbers

Pattern of primes (PP) is critical for dynamics of universal emergence, self-organization and complexity ascendance [1-3]. Due to gradual logarithmic dilution of primes (prime number theorem), PP gives only base envelop for above effects. More informative are full factorizational spectra (FS) of all intermediate composites. Tower exponential mappings like f(N) = 10(N)10 with (N) indicating N vertical arrows [4] lead to infinite fractal-like hierarchy of integer trails; say, FS of intervals between f(N) and f(N+1). This allows FAPP-infinite informational content of PP and FS be "used" as catalyzer of emergence dynamics. This is "Platonic pressure effect" (physical embodiments of PP and FS). Said effect may provide more direct picture for cosmogenesis than traditional quantum tunneling ("Big Bang") and/or inflationary scenarios. Furthermore, we can speculate that metrics of (Mega)universe at tower exponential scales becomes asymptotically Euclidean (multi or infinitely dimensional), due to unchangability of PP and FS. - [1] Arnold Arnold, "The Corrupted Sciences", Paladin (Harper Collins), 1992; [2] Peter Plichta, "God's Secret Formula: Deciphering the Riddle of the Universe and the Prime Number Code", Element, 1997; [3] Alexander Berezin, URAM Journal, 20, 72 (1997); [4] Donald E. Knuth, Science, 194, 1235, 17 Dec 1976.

abstract.

[D3.37] Effect of Explicit Problem Solving Instructions on the Problem Solving Performance and Conceptual Understanding of Introductory College Physics

Two sections of introductory non-calculus general physics lecture courses, with a total enrolment of 120 students, were used to investigate the impact of explicit problem solving instruction on students' problem solving ability and conceptual understanding. The comparison group was instructed in textbook style problem solving strategy. Students' conceptual understanding was assessed by adminstering the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) at the begening and end of the semester. Required written rationale for multiple choice questions and responses to multistep problems were analyzed to further assess conceptual understanding and problem solving skills of the students in the two groups. A significant difference was noted in both understanding and problem solving performance.

[D3.38] Low-Temperature, High-Field Susceptometry and Magnetometry Experiments for Undergraduate Laboratories

Cryogenic susceptometer/magnetometers are instruments commonly used in research labs to study magnetic materials; however they can also be used in the undergraduate laboratory to teach fundamental physical principles such as quantized angular momentum, statistical mechanics, and exchange interactions. We have developed three solid-state physics experiments for our modern physics and advanced laboratory courses using a cryogenic susceptometer/magnetometer. Our "Curie-law and saturation paramagnetism" experiment lets students explore quantized angular momentum and statistical mechanics in an easily understood system. An "Antiferromagnetism and magnetic dilution" experiment teaches about exchange coupling and the effect of water coordination on the ordering temperature. The "Superconductivity" experiment allows students to measure the phase diagram of type-I and type-II superconductors.

[D3.39] A Remote-Interactive Approach for Introductory Physics Laboratories

An alternative approach to the introductory Physics laboratories has been implemented and its effectiveness tested with students at Youngstown State University. The approach emphasizes student design of the experiments and remote data acquisition. Student-designed tests of physical behavior in an environmnent external to the lab were facilitated by the use of CBL units, Vernier sensors, and computer software. Graphical-user-interface software was developed to assess the students' prior weaknesses, indicate possible avenues of investigation, and determine the resulting conceptual gain. This software was used by students experiencing the new approach and by control groups that performed the experiments following the standard recipe-style lab format. Although this new approach involved a significant reduction in the number of laboratory reports required of students, the student conceptual gain increased over that for students in the standard labs in both lab skills and knowledge. This work was supported in part by NSF grant DUE-9552374.

[D3.40] Mathcad in the Physics Curriculum

I report on the process of integrating computers in the physics curriculum at CSU. I have introduced the software package Mathcad in the following courses: the University Physics sequence, the Thermal and Statistical Physics sequence and the Environmental Physics. My goals are: 1) to help students understand the physics concepts by using graphs and animations; 2) to give students modeling skills by showing them how to set and solve complex problems that cannot be solved at the blackboard; 3) to give the students computer skills. Examples of worksheets from these courses will be presented. The Mathcad worksheets can be accessed from my web page.

[D3.41] AFM Imaging in Air and Liquids: A Comparison

Many student users of the Atomic Force Microscope find imaging in liquids difficult and, as a result, never learn this technique. When imaging in the contact mode, one needs to have good control of the force that the tip exerts on the sample. This force can be attractive as well as repulsive and is easily managed when the tip is submerged in a liquid. Suggestions on how to best image in liquids will be made, and a comparison of results obtained when imaging in air and water will be presented for both a hard sample, calcite, and a soft sample, immunoglobin.

[D3.42] Blending History with Physics: Acoustic Shadows in the Civil War

To spark student interest in and broaden student perspectives of certain physics principles, it is useful to show how these principles have dramatically affected the course of history. In this case, the study of refraction is enhanced by looking at the results of an original study of the causes of acoustic shadows in the U.S. Civil War and their effect on command decisions in important battles.

[D3.43] On Whether People Have the Capacity to Make Observations of Mutually Excl usive Physical Phenomena Simultaneously

It has been shown by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen that in quantum mechanics two different wave functions can simultaneously characterize the same physical existent. This result means that one can make predictions regarding simultaneous, mutually exclusive features of a physical existent. It is important to ask whether people have the capacity to make observations of mutually exclusive phenomena simultaneously? Our everyday experience informs us that a human observer is capable of observing only one set of physical circumstances at a time. Evidence from psychology, though, indicates that people indeed have the capacity to make observations of mutually exclusive phenomena simultaneously, even though this capacity is not generally recognized. Working independently, Sigmund Freud and William James provided some of this evidence. How the nature of the quantum mechanical wave function is associated with the problem posed by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen, is addressed at the end of the paper.

[D3.44] Higgs-free solution for lepton and vector boson masses based on Bifurcation Theory

We report a derivation of lepton and vector boson masses using a bifurcation analysis of the Higgs-free field lagrangian. The equations of motion describing the classical Yang-Mills-Dirac massless theory are investigated in a planar differential form. The analysis of the resulting bifurcation set indicates that: 1) the gauge vacuum coincides with either one of the two vector bosons (W,Z), 2) the boson selfcoupling obeys the Feigenbaum scaling law. Placing the control parameters on the bifurcation set retrieves the low- energy pattern of lepton masses. Predictions are shown to be consistent with experimental data.

[D3.45] Electroweak Imteractions with Electric Charge-Hypercharge=20 Symmetry; a Path to the Unification?

There is a great deal of interest in finding a theoretical model that goes beyond the Eletroweak Standard Model. This interest is due in part to the fact that such an extension might show the way to complete unification of forces in nature. Usually, what is meant by unification is that there is just one coupling constant at some unification energy. Here, we take a different view of unification; to achieve the unification one starts with an n-dimensional coupling constant space associated with the gauge group SU)3) X SU(2) X G, where G is the generalization of U(1) from the Standard Model. We say that the unification of interactions has been achieved when the n-coupling constants have been reduced to a single "radial" coupling constant plus (n-1) coupling angles. We find, however, that this unification can happen simultaneously within two independent branches each having its own G. Clearly, the unification must be independent of branches. This will happen if there is a transformation connecting coupling constants and group generators between the two branches. This, in turn, yields that the form of G for both branches has to be G =3D U(1)2 X ....X U(1)n, where the indices 1 to n are associated with gauge coupling constants g2, ..., gn (g1 is associated with SU(2)). Now, just above the Standard Model energy scale the common form of G in the two branches is G =3D U(1) 2 X U(1)3. The new U(1)3 is associated with a new neutral current interaction whose form is determined by the theory. The mass of the associated neutral vector boson Z=92 and the U(1)3 coupling constant are determined from very precise recent parity violation experiments on Cesium and the hypercharge-electric charge exchange symmetry.

[D3.46] A Geometrical model for the Elementary Particles

In 1867, W.H. Thomson, Lord Kelvin, not knowing that they are composite, proposed that atoms could be regarded as knotted, vortex tubes in the ether, then considered to be the medium for electromagnetic wave propagation. The model discussed herein may be viewed as an extension of Kelvin's ideas to the elementary particles; it associates to, known fermions and bosons, a set of geometrical objects with certain topological properties. The treatment is primarily conceptual and mechanistic with a set of diagrams portraying the objects of interest. A taxonomy of objects and diagrams is developed, various symmetries are established, and parallels are drawn with known constraints and invariances. Some of the major tenets of particle physics appear to have a geometrical basis. The model is used to compute the ratio of the neutron's magnetic dipole moment to that of the proton. Some decay processes are also modeled. A novel, unified way to regard elementary particles and processes emerges. Perhaps, after 130 years, Lord Kelvin will be vindicated.

[D3.47] What's waving when a lightwave waves?

The current position that light waves do not require a medium through which to propagate is untenable. Physical waves such as light, whose physical properties can be measured in the laboratory, require a physical medium. The fact that light propagates through empty space leads to the interesting conclusion that empty space is the ``physical medium'' through which lightwaves propagate, i.e., that lightwaves are wave-like disturbances in the geometry of space. I introduce the space-wave model of light and explore its implications. This model not only answers the question posed in the title, but also leads to the possibility of describing all of the fundamental forces and even matter itself in terms of wave motions of space, thus laying the foundation for a fully unified theory of physics.

[D3.48] Why threefold-replication of families?

In spite of the many successes of the standard model of particle physics, the observed proliferation of matter-fields, in the form of ``replicated'' generations or families, is a major unsolved problem. In this paper, I explore some of the algebraic, geometric and physical consequences of a new organizing principle for fundamental fermions (quarks and leptons)(Gerald L. Fitzpatrick, \emphThe Family Problem--New Internal Algebraic and Geometric Regularities), Nova Scientific Press, Issaquah, Washington, 1997. Read more about this book (ISBN 0--9655695--0--0) and its subject matter at: http://www.tp.umu.se/TIPTOP and/or http://www.amazon.com.. The essence of the new organizing principle is the idea that the standard-model concept of scalar fermion numbers f can be generalized. In particular, a ``generalized fermion number,'' which consists of a 2\times 2 matrix F that ``acts'' on an internal 2-space, instead of spacetime, is taken to describe certain internal properties of fundamental fermions. This generalization automatically introduces internal degrees of freedom that ``explain,'' among other things, family replication and the number (three) of families observed in nature.

[D3.49] A Classical Model for Particles and Waves

This paper explores two assumptions intended to make scientific theory less counter-intuitive. The first of these, which was seriously contemplated over a century ago, is that the material making up the universe is a frictionless fluid possessing characteristics of density and pressure. The second assumption is that time and space coordinates are dependent, rather than independent. The latter assumption results in significant changes in the equations of fluid motion.

These assumptions rule out the expanding-universe model and the big bang, and yield fluid-dynamic solutions quite different from those obtained with independent space and time coordinates. A solution of special interest is a quantized, steady-flow vortex that behaves like a charged particle in ambient flows and serves as a source of transverse waves.

This theory also indicates why the Michelson-Morley experiment for ether drift turned out negative and suggests a modified experiment involving a magnetic field for the detection of fluid convection.

[D3.50] Cremona Tracking Applied to the Large Hadron Collider

The new method of Cremona approximation(Dan T. Abell, \emphAnalytic Properties and Cremona Approximation of Transfer Maps for Hamiltonian Systems), Ph.D. thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1995. uses a Cremona map---a polynomial symplectic map---to approximate the action of a symplctic jet. We are studying how well this method works when applied to one-turn maps for the LHC, and we shall address the questions of accuracy and speed. In particular: (i) How well do Cremona maps approximate the ``true'' map (based on element-by-element tracking) over the phase-space region of physical interest? (ii) How well does iteration of a Cremona map describe long-term orbit behavior? and (iii) How fast is Cremona tracking compared to element-by-element tracking?

[D3.51] Constraining The Large Scale Power Spectrum with Peculiar Velocities

We propose a new strategy to probe the power spectrum on large scales using galaxy peculiar velocities. We explore the properties of surveys that cover only two small fields in opposing directions on the sky. Surveys of this type have several advantages over those that attempt to cover the entire sky; in particular, by concentrating galaxies in narrow cones these surveys are able to achieve the density needed to measure several moments of the velocity field with only a modest number of objects, even for surveys designed to probe scales > 100h^-1 Mpc. We calculate window functions for these moments and construct a \chi^2 statistic which can be used to put constraints on the power spectrum. In addition, we have studied how well surveys of this type can distinguish between different power spectra and found that cone surveys are as good or better than full-sky surveys in distinguishing between popular cosmological models. We find that a survey with 200-300 galaxy peculiar velocities with distance errors of 15% in two cones with opening angle of \sim 10^\circ could put significant constraints on the power spectrum on scales of 100-300 h^-1 Mpc, where few other constraints exist.

[D3.52]

This abstract was not submitted electronically.

[D3.53] Nonlinear Superlight Media and Spatial Bright Solitons

This abstract was not submitted electronically.

[D3.54] Measurement of the scattering length of silicon with a new neutron interferometric method

The neutron interferometry technique provides a way to directly measure the coherent scattering lengths b of low energy neutrons, but its potential accuracy has not been fully realized in past experiments due to systematic sources of error. We have used a new method, which eliminates two of the main sources of uncertainty, to measure the scattering length of silicon to a relative standard uncertainty of 0.005value b = 4.1507(2) fm is in agreement with the current accepted value, however the relative standard uncertainty is 5 times lower.

[D3.55] New Harmonic Oscillator Wave-functions -- Geometric Phase Effects

Geometrical phase affects the quantum mechanical simple harmonic oscillator solutions by redefining the phase of the wave-functions derived using a propagator. Spinor wave-functions need to be written down that define the geometrical phase for the green's function following the method outlined by the author, ( D.Subbarao, `Topological Phase in Gaussian Beam Optics',Optics Letters, vol.20, 2162 (1995)) that in turn defines the new propagator. This procedure also holds true for the time-dependent frequency solutions of the harmonic oscillator which are also displayed in this work. The applicability of these results to all weak-coupling limit oscillators following an approximation scheme recently formulated by us in another context (D.Subbarao, R.Uma and H. Singh , `Paraxial Theory of Self-focusing of Cylindrical Laser Beams...', under consideration for publication in the Physics of Plasmas) will also be presented.

[D3.56] The fabric of space-time is made of matter

The fabric of Space-Time is another state of matter, hence it has Equivalent mass. Time and space fill the universe and being massive explain the missing mass of universe , the shape of Galaxies etc. The universal pressure of the massive space-time is responsible for The Nuclear Force-when elementary perticle get so close that there is no Space time between them the external pressure of space-time holds them tight The melting away of matter and energy into space-time is responsible force For the observed expansion of univers.The first order relationship between the Nuclear force P and mass and size of univers M amp;R is given. All of universe be it matter, energy or space -time are made of the same.

Part D of program listing